See · say · select
Use one letter or vowel card at a time with immediate feedback.
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Learning outcomes
By the end of this lesson أَهْدَافُ التَّعَلُّمِ
Complete the alphabet accurately, then use the four marks to turn consonant shapes into readable syllables and words.
Build and blend
Combine consonants and marks, then blend short fully vowelled words.
Explain each clue
Justify choices using position, dot, connection or vowel terminology.
Refine formal accuracy
Add complete vowel marks to a short word and explain any dialect difference.
Route overview
This Lesson’s Journey
Letters 23–28
Name ل م ن ه و ي and identify their visual clues.
Go to Part 1 →Roles and connection
Explain the dual roles of wāw and yāʾ and the connection rule for wāw.
Go to Part 2 →Four reading marks
Read /a/, /u/, /i/ and a consonant with no following short vowel.
Go to Part 4 →Read and justify
Apply shape, dot, joining and vowel evidence in games and assessment.
Go to practice →R
Retrieve before adding
F1-L03 readiness check مُرَاجَعَةٌ سَرِيعَةٌ
Check the corrected sequence and long-vowel pattern before introducing the final group.
Four-question retrieval
Use the repair cue after every response.
1. Which letter ended F1-L03?
2. Select ghayn.
3. Which letter can carry long /ū/?
4. How long is a long vowel in the beginner timing model?
Decision point: 3–4 correct → continue. 0–2 correct → repair
the F1-L03 letter group and long-vowel patterns first.
1
Part 1 · Complete all 28
The final six letters ل، م، ن، ه، و، ي
These are standard alphabet positions 23–28. Hamza is introduced later on this page as a separate writing sign.
tall stem · connector
/l/
mīm
rounded head · connector
/m/
one dot above · connector
/n/
open/looped form · connector
/h/
connection breaker
/w/ or /uː/
yāʾ
two dots below · connector
/j/ or /iː/
Game · Final-Letter Detective
Use shape, dots, sound and role together.
⌕Press start
2
Part 2 · One symbol, more than one job
Wāw, yāʾ and connection behaviour الوَاوُ وَاليَاءُ وَالاتِّصَالُ
Context and vowel marks reveal whether wāw and yāʾ are consonants or long-vowel carriers.
Wāw و
وَwa · consonant /w/
Wāw carries fatḥa, so it begins with /w/.
بُوbū · long /ū/
Preceding ḍamma matches the long-vowel carrier.
Connection: و may join
to a preceding letter on its right, but it does not join to the following letter on its left.
Yāʾ ي
يَya · consonant /j/
Yāʾ carries fatḥa, so it begins with the “y” sound.
بِيbī · long /ī/
Preceding kasra matches the long-vowel carrier.
Connection: ي is a
connector. It can join on both sides when its neighbours permit.
The six connection breakers are now complete: ا، د، ذ، ر، ز، و. “Breaker” means the letter does not connect to the following
letter on its left; it does not mean the letter never joins at all.
Game · Connection Gate
Classify each final letter. Pay special attention to wāw and yāʾ.
؟Press start
3
Part 3 · Special writing awareness
Lām–alif لا and hamza ء
Both matter in Arabic writing, but neither adds another item to the standard 28-letter sequence used in this course.
Lām followed by alif
لlām
+
اalif
لاthe required lām–alif ligature
In ordinary connected Arabic typography, lām followed by alif is written with this ligature. It represents two letters, not a twenty-ninth alphabet letter.
لَاlā · no
سَلَامsalām · peace
Hamza awareness
ءhamza · glottal stop /ʔ/
Hamza can be written independently or on a “seat” such as alif, wāw or dotless yāʾ. The surrounding vowels help determine its seat; those spelling rules belong to F1-L06.
ءalone
أon alif
ؤon wāw
ئon seat
Boundary: recognise hamza and its /ʔ/ sound today. Do not
ask beginners to choose the correct seat yet.
Accuracy note: the word الله
does not contain lām followed by alif, so it is not an example of the لا
ligature.
4
Part 4 · Make consonants readable
Fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra and sukūn الفَتْحَةُ وَالضَّمَّةُ وَالكَسْرَةُ وَالسُّكُونُ
The first three marks add a short vowel. Sukūn shows that no short vowel follows that consonant.
fatḥa ·
فَتْحَة
/ba/
short /a/ · mark above
ḍamma ·
ضَمَّة
/bu/
short /u/ · curled mark above
kasra ·
كَسْرَة
/bi/
short /i/ · mark below
sukūn ·
سُكُون
/b/
no following short vowel
Sukūn is not “silent letter”. The consonant is normally
pronounced; it simply has no following short vowel. In هَلْ, the lām is heard
and closes the syllable.
three fatḥas
fatḥa, kasra, fatḥa
ḍamma then fatḥa
kasra then sukūn
Game · Diacritic Decoder
Name the short vowel or explain the sukūn.
؟Press start
5
Part 5 · Make learning visible
Form, build and read اُكْتُبْ وَكَوِّنْ وَاقْرَأْ
Use a verified formation model. Positional forms are previewed only; F1-L05 teaches them systematically.
Isolated formation tracker
Write each new letter four times, then check the baseline, dot placement and proportions.
Type, write or draw the six new isolated letters. Then build one consonant with fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra and sukūn.
Write with a mouse, finger or pen. Handwriting is not recognised or scored automatically.
Complete this task on paper, then return here to check or record your result.
ل
م
ن
ه
و
ي
Four-way build
Choose a learned consonant. Write it with fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra and sukūn; your partner reads the four results.
Vowel detective
Highlight fatḥa gold, ḍamma blue, kasra green and sukūn purple in four fully vowelled words.
Heritage precision
Fully vowel a familiar three- or four-letter word, read it in careful MSA and justify every mark.
Alphabet milestone: recite all 28 letters in order, then
identify the six connection breakers. Celebrate completion, but treat accurate retrieval—not speed—as the
success criterion.
✓
Independent evidence
Final mastery check تَقْيِيمٌ خِتَامِيٌّ
Aim for 8/10 or better and read one fully vowelled word aloud before moving on.
Ten-item final check
Feedback explains the deciding rule.
1. Which letter begins today’s corrected sequence?
2. Which is the final letter in the standard 28-letter sequence?
3. Which final-group letter breaks before the following letter?
4. What does لا represent?
5. Which sign represents the glottal stop /ʔ/?
6. What does ـَ supply?
7. Read مُ.
8. Read نِ.
9. What does sukūn show?
10. Read مِنْ.
Reflection
This note stays only while the page is open.
Not yet marked complete.
Homework: write all 28 letters in standard order. Circle
ا، د، ذ، ر، ز، و. Then write and read بَ بُ بِ
بْ and one fully vowelled word from the lesson.
Can-do exit ticket
Not yet marked complete.