Advanced Topic E — The International World
Close an argument like a UN report: master the formal conclusion connectors وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ and وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ, add the refusal trigger يَرْفُضُ أَنْ, and use international-law passives.
Retrieve · orient · prepare
Tick achievements as you secure them.
Retrieval bridge
Answer four questions before opening the new language.
Recognise · organise · retrieve
The complete lesson-relevant language bank is organised by meaning and recycled in the activities below.
Synthesising conclusion.
Synthesising conclusion.
Linking connector.
+ subjunctive.
Form VIII passive.
Form IV passive.
Form VIII active.
Form V.
Form IV active.
Vocabulary mission
Move between Arabic and meaning without relying on the order of the cards.
Explain · notice · apply
الخَوَاتِمُ الرَّسْمِيَّةُ وَالرَّفْضُ وَمَبْنِيُّ القَانُونِ الدَّوْلِيِّ
Close with وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ or وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ, use يَرْفُضُ أَنْ, form يُنْتَهَكُ and يُلْزَمُ بِـ, and analyse with a Type 2 counterfactual.
What does the structure communicate?
Which word or ending changes?
What must match the noun or person?
Can you use it with new vocabulary?
Passive: يُنْتَهَكُ.
Refusal: يَرْفُضُ أَنْ.
Conclusion connector.
وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ · وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ
Open the synthesising final sentence.
يَرْفُضُ أَنْ + مَنْصُوبٌ
States a refusal that a situation continue.
يُنْتَهَكُ · يُلْزَمُ بِـ
The passive centres the law or the obligation.
لَوْ + past → لَـ
A Type 2 exposes double standards.
| Tool | Marker | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Conclusion | وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ | synthesise the argument |
| Conclusion | وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ | in summary |
| Refusal | يَرْفُضُ أَنْ | refuse a continuation |
| Passive | يُنْتَهَكُ · يُلْزَمُ بِـ | centre the law |
وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ (based on the above) and وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ (in summary) tell the examiner you are drawing your argument together, not adding a new point. They are high-value Range markers that open the final, synthesising sentence: وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ، يُعَدُّ إِصْلَاحُ مَجْلِسِ الأَمْنِ خُطْوَةً لَا غِنَى عَنْهَا.
Refusal joins insistence, demand, prohibition and permission as a subjunctive trigger: يَرْفُضُ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاشِطِينَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرَّ ازْدِوَاجِيَّةُ المَعَايِيرِ. The verb after أَنْ keeps its final fatḥa.
Grammar laboratory
Every answer checks a stated rule, change or agreement decision.
Build · transform · justify
The guided builder develops flexible sentence construction. The three independent tasks then test different skills: grammatical transformation, meaning and coherence, and original sentence production.
Combinatorial builder studio
This guided builder accepts 27 accurate combinations. Build 3 different sentences, changing one meaningful chunk each time. Compare the grammar and meaning before moving to the independent tasks.
اِخْتَرْ جُزْءًا مِنْ كُلِّ قَائِمَةٍ.
0/3 different sentences built.
Each law passive, refusal and formal conclusion is accurate on its own, so any three different combinations work.
Fix the refusal subjunctive
Repair the verb after أَنْ.يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرُّ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ.
أَنْ + مَنْصُوبٌAfter أَنْ the verb is subjunctive: تَسْتَمِرَّ.
Fix يُلْزَمُ's preposition
Repair the preposition after the passive.تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ عَلَى الاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ.
يُلْزَمُ + ؟يُلْزَمُ is fixed with بِـ.
Formalise the conclusion
Replace the weak opener with a formal conclusion connector.وَأَيْضًا، مِنَ الضَّرُورِيِّ أَنْ يُصْلَحَ النِّظَامُ الدَّوْلِيُّ.
خَاتِمَةٌ ← وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَوَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ opens a synthesising conclusion.
0/3 purposeful tasks secured.
Read · understand · respond
Close with وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ / وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ, use يَرْفُضُ أَنْ, and form the law passives يُنْتَهَكُ / يُلْزَمُ بِـ.
Close with وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ / وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ, use يَرْفُضُ أَنْ, and form the law passives يُنْتَهَكُ / يُلْزَمُ بِـ.
Spot · explain · repair
Strong learners do not only recognise an error: they identify the system and repair it.
يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرُّ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ.
يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرَّ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ.
After أَنْ the verb is subjunctive: تَسْتَمِرَّ.
تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ عَلَى الاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ.
تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ بِالاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ.
يُلْزَمُ is fixed with بِـ, not عَلَى.
لَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ بِالتَّسَاوِي، سَيَكُونُ العَالَمُ أَعْدَلَ.
لَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ بِالتَّسَاوِي، لَكَانَ العَالَمُ أَعْدَلَ.
A Type 2 result takes the لَـ prefix, not سَـ.
Repair check
Predict · listen twice · verify
Read the questions first. Listen once for the main message and again for the exact detail.
Which person, time, frequency, sequence, contrast or changed detail might you hear?
Catch the speaker, setting and overall message.
Confirm the exact detail and reject close distractors.
يَقُولُ الخَبِيرُ القَانُونِيُّ: يُؤَكِّدُ المُخْتَصُّونَ أَنَّ القَانُونَ الدَّوْلِيَّ الإِنْسَانِيَّ يُنْتَهَكُ بِشَكْلٍ مَنْهَجِيٍّ فِي مَنَاطِقِ النِّزَاعِ. وَيَكْمُنُ جَوْهَرُ الأَزْمَةِ فِي ازْدِوَاجِيَّةِ المَعَايِيرِ الَّتِي تُمَارِسُهَا بَعْضُ الدُّوَلِ الكُبْرَى. تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ المُوَقِّعَةُ بِالاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ، غَيْرَ أَنَّ التَّطْبِيقَ يَظَلُّ رَهِينًا بِالمَصَالِحِ السِّيَاسِيَّةِ. يَرْفُضُ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاشِطِينَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرَّ هٰذِهِ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ. وَلَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ بِلَا ازْدِوَاجِيَّةٍ، لَكَانَتِ المَجَازِرُ أَقَلَّ حِدَّةً. وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ، يُعَدُّ إِصْلَاحُ مَجْلِسِ الأَمْنِ خُطْوَةً لَا غِنَى عَنْهَا. وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ، لَا عَدَالَةَ عَالَمِيَّةً دُونَ مُحَاسَبَةٍ مُتَسَاوِيَةٍ.
Preview · scan · prove
Read once for meaning, then return to the exact Arabic evidence before choosing an answer.
Identify the text type and likely purpose.
Locate names, numbers, repeated words and question cues.
Choose only an answer supported by the text.
Model · rehearse · respond
Use the model to notice the structure, then answer a randomly selected prompt without reading a full script.
اِضْغَطْ لِاخْتِيَارِ سُؤَالٍ.
مَا المُشْكِلَةُ؟
Law passiveيُنْتَهَكُ القَانُونُ الدَّوْلِيُّ، وَتُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ بِالاِمْتِثَالِ نَظَرِيًّا فَقَطْ.
يُنْتَهَكُ / يُلْزَمُ بِـوَكَيْفَ تَخْتِمُ؟
Conclusionوَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ، مِنَ الضَّرُورِيِّ أَنْ يُصْلَحَ النِّظَامُ الدَّوْلِيُّ.
Conclusion + subjunctivePlan · draft · improve
Write a 110-120 word global-justice analysis. Open with reported speech and a law passive (يُنْتَهَكُ), use the past perfect for what the UN had adopted, add both conditional types and the refusal trigger يَرْفُضُ أَنْ, and close with وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ / وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ + a subjunctive.
يُؤَكِّدُ الخُبَرَاءُ القَانُونِيُّونَ أَنَّ القَانُونَ الدَّوْلِيَّ الإِنْسَانِيَّ يُنْتَهَكُ بِشَكْلٍ مَنْهَجِيٍّ فِي مَنَاطِقِ النِّزَاعِ، وَيُشَارُ إِلَى أَنَّ مَبْدَأَ المَسْؤُولِيَّةِ عَنِ الحِمَايَةِ لَمْ يُطَبَّقْ بِالتَّسَاوِي. يَكْمُنُ جَوْهَرُ الأَزْمَةِ فِي ازْدِوَاجِيَّةِ المَعَايِيرِ الَّتِي تُمَارِسُهَا الدُّوَلُ الكُبْرَى. كَانَتِ الأُمَمُ المُتَّحِدَةُ قَدْ أَقَرَّتْ هٰذِهِ المَبَادِئَ لِكَيْ يُحْمَى المَدَنِيُّونَ، غَيْرَ أَنَّ التَّطْبِيقَ يَظَلُّ رَهِينًا بِالمَصَالِحِ السِّيَاسِيَّةِ. وَيَرْفُضُ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاشِطِينَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرَّ هٰذِهِ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ. إِذَا الْتَزَمَتِ الدُّوَلُ بِالمِيثَاقِ بِالتَّسَاوِي، سَيُحْدِثُ ذٰلِكَ تَحَوُّلًا جَذْرِيًّا. وَلَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ بِلَا ازْدِوَاجِيَّةٍ، لَكَانَتِ المَجَازِرُ أَقَلَّ حِدَّةً. وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ، مِنَ الضَّرُورِيِّ أَنْ يُصْلَحَ النِّظَامُ الدَّوْلِيُّ لِكَيْ تَنْعَمَ الشُّعُوبُ بِحِمَايَةٍ مُتَسَاوِيَةٍ.
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Retrieve · judge · transfer
The final check mixes vocabulary, grammar and communication rather than repeating one exercise type.
Write one conclusion with وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ and one refusal with يَرْفُضُ أَنْ.
Add a law passive and a Type 2 counterfactual; reach 110 words.
Reach 120 words with both conditionals, the past perfect and two conclusion connectors.
Final self-marking check
Record one secure achievement and one precise next step.