TE-L10 — International Life and Global Connections

Advanced Topic E · TE-L10

Lesson focus

Connect language, culture, education, work, travel and global responsibility.

🎮 Play this lesson game

Grammar focus

Conditionals; passive; balanced opinion

Skills focus

Reading · Writing

Advanced application

Global headline classification

Sort international headlines by theme, identify the likely issue or viewpoint and connect one story to culture, society, environment or technology.

Core: complete accurately · Develop: add a reason or comparison · Stretch: change time frame or viewpoint

Interactive visual game · this lesson

Global Connectionsرَوَابِطُ عَالَمِيَّةٌ

Score: 0/0

Do exactly these three steps:

1. Look at the picture or clock.

2. Read all three Arabic choices.

3. Click the sentence that matches the picture exactly.

Round 1

Which Arabic sentence matches the visual exactly?

A grammatically possible sentence is not enough: it must describe the picture or clock shown.

Retrieve · orient · prepare

Objectives and visible success

Today you will

Analyse global-justice issues with international-law and diplomacy vocabulary.
Close an argument with وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ and وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ.
Use the refusal trigger يَرْفُضُ أَنْ + subjunctive.
Form the international-law passives يُنْتَهَكُ and يُلْزَمُ بِـ.

You can show success when…

I close an argument with وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ or وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ.
I use يَرْفُضُ أَنْ + a subjunctive verb.
I form the passives يُنْتَهَكُ (is violated) and يُلْزَمُ بِـ (is obliged to).
I analyse double standards with a Type 2 counterfactual.

Tick achievements as you secure them.

Retrieval bridge

Wake up previous learning

Answer four questions before opening the new language.

1Which connector opens a synthesising conclusion?

لِأَنَّوَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَإِذَا

2Which trigger expresses refusal?

يَرْفُضُ أَنْصَحِيحٌ أَنَّلِكَيْ

3Which is the passive “is violated”?

انْتَهَكَيَنْتَهِكُيُنْتَهَكُ

4Which preposition does يُلْزَمُ take?

إِلَىبِـعَلَى

0/4

Recognise · organise · retrieve

Vocabulary studio

The complete lesson-relevant language bank is organised by meaning and recycled in the activities below.

Formal conclusion connectors

وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ

based on the above

Synthesising conclusion.

وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ

in summary

Synthesising conclusion.

وَمِنَ المُنْطَلَقِ ذَاتِهِ

from the same starting point

Linking connector.

يَرْفُضُ أَنْ

refuses that / to

+ subjunctive.

المُسَبِّبُ المُوَسَّعُ

the extended trigger

التَّرْكِيبُ المَقَالِيُّ

essay construction

يُنْتَهَكُ

is violated

Form VIII passive.

يُلْزَمُ بِـ

is obliged to

Form IV passive.

Global justice

العَدَالَةُ الدَّوْلِيَّةُ

international justice

القَانُونُ الدَّوْلِيُّ الإِنْسَانِيُّ

international humanitarian law

مَسْؤُولِيَّةُ الحِمَايَةِ

responsibility to protect

سِيَادَةُ الدَّوْلَةِ

state sovereignty

مِيثَاقُ الأُمَمِ المُتَّحِدَةِ

the UN Charter

ازْدِوَاجِيَّةُ المَعَايِيرِ

double standards

الإِفْلَاتُ مِنَ العِقَابِ

impunity

التَّضَامُنُ الدَّوْلِيُّ

international solidarity

Law verbs and register

يَنْتَهِكُ

violates

Form VIII active.

يَتَحَمَّلُ المَسْؤُولِيَّةَ

bears responsibility

Form V.

يَرْفُضُ الاِمْتِثَالَ لِـ

refuses to comply with

يُلْزِمُ بِـ

obliges to

Form IV active.

قَرَارُ مَجْلِسِ الأَمْنِ

a Security Council resolution

تَعْوِيضَاتُ الحَرْبِ

war reparations

مَبْدَأٌ

a principle

المُحَاسَبَةُ الدَّوْلِيَّةُ

international accountability

Vocabulary mission

Retrieve in both directions

Move between Arabic and meaning without relying on the order of the cards.

8 questions

1Choose the meaning of وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ

based on the abovein summaryfrom the same starting point

2Choose the Arabic for “in summary”.

وَمِنَ المُنْطَلَقِ ذَاتِهِيَرْفُضُ أَنْوَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ

3Choose the meaning of وَمِنَ المُنْطَلَقِ ذَاتِهِ

from the same starting pointrefuses that / tothe extended trigger

4Choose the Arabic for “refuses that / to”.

المُسَبِّبُ المُوَسَّعُالتَّرْكِيبُ المَقَالِيُّيَرْفُضُ أَنْ

5Choose the meaning of المُسَبِّبُ المُوَسَّعُ

the extended triggeressay constructionis violated

6Choose the Arabic for “essay construction”.

يُنْتَهَكُيُلْزَمُ بِـالتَّرْكِيبُ المَقَالِيُّ

7Choose the meaning of يُنْتَهَكُ

international justiceis obliged tois violated

8Choose the Arabic for “is obliged to”.

القَانُونُ الدَّوْلِيُّ الإِنْسَانِيُّيُلْزَمُ بِـالعَدَالَةُ الدَّوْلِيَّةُ

0/8

Explain · notice · apply

Formal conclusions, refusal and international-law passives

الخَوَاتِمُ الرَّسْمِيَّةُ وَالرَّفْضُ وَمَبْنِيُّ القَانُونِ الدَّوْلِيِّ

Close with وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ or وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ, use يَرْفُضُ أَنْ, form يُنْتَهَكُ and يُلْزَمُ بِـ, and analyse with a Type 2 counterfactual.

1Meaning

What does the structure communicate?

2Form

Which word or ending changes?

3Agreement

What must match the noun or person?

4Transfer

Can you use it with new vocabulary?

يُنْتَهَكُ القَانُونُ الدَّوْلِيُّ الإِنْسَانِيُّ بِشَكْلٍ مَنْهَجِيٍّ فِي مَنَاطِقِ النِّزَاعِ

What to notice

Passive: يُنْتَهَكُ.

يَرْفُضُ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاشِطِينَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرَّ ازْدِوَاجِيَّةُ المَعَايِيرِ

What to notice

Refusal: يَرْفُضُ أَنْ.

وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ، يُعَدُّ إِصْلَاحُ مَجْلِسِ الأَمْنِ خُطْوَةً لَا غِنَى عَنْهَا

What to notice

Conclusion connector.

Conclusion connectors

وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ · وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ

Open the synthesising final sentence.

وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ، يُعَدُّ إِصْلَاحُ النِّظَامِ الدَّوْلِيِّ ضَرُورَةًوَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ، لَا عَدَالَةَ دُونَ مُحَاسَبَةٍ

Refusal trigger

يَرْفُضُ أَنْ + مَنْصُوبٌ

States a refusal that a situation continue.

يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرَّ ازْدِوَاجِيَّةُ المَعَايِيرِ

International-law passives

يُنْتَهَكُ · يُلْزَمُ بِـ

The passive centres the law or the obligation.

يُنْتَهَكُ القَانُونُ الدَّوْلِيُّ فِي مَنَاطِقِ النِّزَاعِتُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ المُوَقِّعَةُ بِالاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ

Counterfactual analysis

لَوْ + past → لَـ

A Type 2 exposes double standards.

لَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ الدَّوْلِيُّ بِالتَّسَاوِي، لَكَانَ العَالَمُ أَكْثَرَ عَدْلًا

Tool	Marker	Function
Conclusion	وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ	synthesise the argument
Conclusion	وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ	in summary
Refusal	يَرْفُضُ أَنْ	refuse a continuation
Passive	يُنْتَهَكُ · يُلْزَمُ بِـ	centre the law

The conclusion connector signals synthesis

وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ (based on the above) and وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ (in summary) tell the examiner you are drawing your argument together, not adding a new point. They are high-value Range markers that open the final, synthesising sentence: وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ، يُعَدُّ إِصْلَاحُ مَجْلِسِ الأَمْنِ خُطْوَةً لَا غِنَى عَنْهَا.

يَرْفُضُ أَنْ extends the subjunctive to refusal

Refusal joins insistence, demand, prohibition and permission as a subjunctive trigger: يَرْفُضُ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاشِطِينَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرَّ ازْدِوَاجِيَّةُ المَعَايِيرِ. The verb after أَنْ keeps its final fatḥa.

Grammar laboratory

Choose the form for a reason

Every answer checks a stated rule, change or agreement decision.

8 questions

1Which connector opens a synthesising conclusion?

إِذَاوَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَلِأَنَّ

2Which also means “in summary”?

وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِمِنْ نَاحِيَةٍ أُخْرَىعَلَاوَةً عَلَى ذٰلِكَ

3Which trigger expresses refusal?

يَرْفُضُ أَنْلِكَيْصَحِيحٌ أَنَّ

4What follows يَرْفُضُ أَنْ?

An indicative verbA past verbA subjunctive verb

5Which is the passive “is violated”?

يُنْتَهَكُيَنْتَهِكُانْتَهَكَ

6Complete the passive: تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ ___ الاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ.

بِـعَلَىإِلَى

7Complete the refusal: يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ ___ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ.

تَسْتَمِرَّتَسْتَمِرْتَسْتَمِرُّ

8Complete the Type 2: لَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ بِالتَّسَاوِي، ___ العَالَمُ أَعْدَلَ.

سَيَكُونُيَكُونُلَكَانَ

0/8

Build · transform · justify

Sentence-building and transformation studio

The guided builder develops flexible sentence construction. The three independent tasks then test different skills: grammatical transformation, meaning and coherence, and original sentence production.

Combinatorial builder studio

Build a justice line from a law passive, a refusal and a formal conclusion.

This guided builder accepts 27 accurate combinations. Build 3 different sentences, changing one meaningful chunk each time. Compare the grammar and meaning before moving to the independent tasks.

Sentence part 1Sentence part 2Sentence part 3

My generated sentence

اِخْتَرْ جُزْءًا مِنْ كُلِّ قَائِمَةٍ.

0/3 different sentences built.

Each law passive, refusal and formal conclusion is accurate on its own, so any three different combinations work.

Transformation challenge

Fix the refusal subjunctive

Repair the verb after أَنْ.

Original sentence

يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرُّ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ.

أَنْ + مَنْصُوبٌ

Choose the best Arabic responseيَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرَّ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ.يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرْ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ.يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنِ اسْتَمَرَّتِ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ.

Transformation challenge

Fix يُلْزَمُ's preposition

Repair the preposition after the passive.

Original sentence

تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ عَلَى الاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ.

يُلْزَمُ + ؟

Choose the best Arabic responseتُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ بِالاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ.تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ إِلَى الاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ.تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ الاِمْتِثَالَ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ.

Transformation challenge

Formalise the conclusion

Replace the weak opener with a formal conclusion connector.

Original sentence

وَأَيْضًا، مِنَ الضَّرُورِيِّ أَنْ يُصْلَحَ النِّظَامُ الدَّوْلِيُّ.

خَاتِمَةٌ ← وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ

Choose the best Arabic responseوَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ، مِنَ الضَّرُورِيِّ أَنْ يُصْلَحَ النِّظَامُ الدَّوْلِيُّ.ثُمَّ مِنَ الضَّرُورِيِّ أَنْ يُصْلَحَ النِّظَامُ الدَّوْلِيُّ.وَكَذٰلِكَ مِنَ الضَّرُورِيِّ أَنْ يُصْلَحَ النِّظَامُ الدَّوْلِيُّ.

0/3 purposeful tasks secured.

Read · understand · respond

Justice Mission — Conclude, Refuse, Hold to Account

Close with وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ / وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ, use يَرْفُضُ أَنْ, and form the law passives يُنْتَهَكُ / يُلْزَمُ بِـ.

Arabic application challenge

Round 1♥ ♥ ♥ 0 points

Spot · explain · repair

Accuracy repair workshop

Strong learners do not only recognise an error: they identify the system and repair it.

يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرُّ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ.

يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرَّ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ.

After أَنْ the verb is subjunctive: تَسْتَمِرَّ.

تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ عَلَى الاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ.

تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ بِالاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ.

يُلْزَمُ is fixed with بِـ, not عَلَى.

لَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ بِالتَّسَاوِي، سَيَكُونُ العَالَمُ أَعْدَلَ.

لَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ بِالتَّسَاوِي، لَكَانَ العَالَمُ أَعْدَلَ.

A Type 2 result takes the لَـ prefix, not سَـ.

Repair check

Preserve the intended meaning

6 questions

1Choose the accurate sentence.

يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرُّ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ.يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرَّ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ.

2Choose the accurate sentence.

تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ عَلَى الاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ.تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ بِالاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ.

3Choose the accurate sentence.

لَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ بِالتَّسَاوِي، سَيَكُونُ العَالَمُ أَعْدَلَ.لَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ بِالتَّسَاوِي، لَكَانَ العَالَمُ أَعْدَلَ.

4Which connector opens a synthesising conclusion?

وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَإِذَالِأَنَّ

5Which also means “in summary”?

عَلَاوَةً عَلَى ذٰلِكَوَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِمِنْ نَاحِيَةٍ أُخْرَى

6Which trigger expresses refusal?

لِكَيْيَرْفُضُ أَنْصَحِيحٌ أَنَّ

0/6

Predict · listen twice · verify

Listening: a legal expert on double standards

Read the questions first. Listen once for the main message and again for the exact detail.

1Predict

Which person, time, frequency, sequence, contrast or changed detail might you hear?

2First listening

Catch the speaker, setting and overall message.

3Second listening

Confirm the exact detail and reject close distractors.

Audio is coming soon.

1What do specialists confirm about international law?

It is always upheldIt is systematically violated in conflict zonesIt does not exist

2Where does the expert locate the core of the crisis?

In small statesIn the double standards practised by some major powersIn the treaties themselves

3What do many activists refuse (يَرْفُضُ)?

That law be appliedThat treaties be signedThat these double standards continue

4What is the Type 2 counterfactual?

Had the law been applied without double standards, the massacres would have been less severeApplying the law makes no differenceThe massacres cannot be reduced

5How does the expert conclude (وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ)?

No reform is neededThe Council should be abolishedReforming the Security Council is an indispensable step

0/5

Listening script

يَقُولُ الخَبِيرُ القَانُونِيُّ: يُؤَكِّدُ المُخْتَصُّونَ أَنَّ القَانُونَ الدَّوْلِيَّ الإِنْسَانِيَّ يُنْتَهَكُ بِشَكْلٍ مَنْهَجِيٍّ فِي مَنَاطِقِ النِّزَاعِ. وَيَكْمُنُ جَوْهَرُ الأَزْمَةِ فِي ازْدِوَاجِيَّةِ المَعَايِيرِ الَّتِي تُمَارِسُهَا بَعْضُ الدُّوَلِ الكُبْرَى. تُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ المُوَقِّعَةُ بِالاِمْتِثَالِ لِلْمُعَاهَدَاتِ، غَيْرَ أَنَّ التَّطْبِيقَ يَظَلُّ رَهِينًا بِالمَصَالِحِ السِّيَاسِيَّةِ. يَرْفُضُ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاشِطِينَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرَّ هٰذِهِ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ. وَلَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ بِلَا ازْدِوَاجِيَّةٍ، لَكَانَتِ المَجَازِرُ أَقَلَّ حِدَّةً. وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ، يُعَدُّ إِصْلَاحُ مَجْلِسِ الأَمْنِ خُطْوَةً لَا غِنَى عَنْهَا. وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ، لَا عَدَالَةَ عَالَمِيَّةً دُونَ مُحَاسَبَةٍ مُتَسَاوِيَةٍ.

Preview · scan · prove

Reading: a global-justice analysis (extract)

Read once for meaning, then return to the exact Arabic evidence before choosing an answer.

1Preview

Identify the text type and likely purpose.

2Scan

Locate names, numbers, repeated words and question cues.

3Prove

Choose only an answer supported by the text.

تُعَدُّ العَدَالَةُ العَالَمِيَّةُ مِنْ أَعْقَدِ قَضَايَا عَصْرِنَا. يُشَارُ إِلَى أَنَّ مَبْدَأَ المَسْؤُولِيَّةِ عَنِ الحِمَايَةِ لَمْ يُطَبَّقْ بِالتَّسَاوِي فِي جَمِيعِ الحَالَاتِ. يُنْتَهَكُ القَانُونُ الدَّوْلِيُّ الإِنْسَانِيُّ، وَتُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ بِالاِمْتِثَالِ نَظَرِيًّا فَقَطْ. كَانَتِ الأُمَمُ المُتَّحِدَةُ قَدْ أَقَرَّتْ هٰذِهِ المَبَادِئَ لِكَيْ يُحْمَى المَدَنِيُّونَ، غَيْرَ أَنَّ التَّطْبِيقَ يَظَلُّ رَهِينًا بِالمَصَالِحِ. يَرْفُضُ النَّاشِطُونَ أَنْ يُفْلِتَ المُنْتَهِكُونَ مِنَ العِقَابِ. وَلَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ بِالتَّسَاوِي، لَكَانَ العَالَمُ أَكْثَرَ عَدْلًا. وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ، مِنَ الضَّرُورِيِّ أَنْ يُصْلَحَ النِّظَامُ الدَّوْلِيُّ. وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ، لَا حِمَايَةَ حَقِيقِيَّةً دُونَ مُحَاسَبَةٍ.

1What is said about the responsibility to protect?

It has always been applied equallyIt was never adoptedIt has not been applied equally in all cases

2Why had the UN adopted these principles (past perfect + purpose)?

To increase conflictFor no stated reasonSo that civilians would be protected

3What do activists refuse (يَرْفُضُ)?

That protection be offeredThat violators escape punishmentThat laws be written

4What is the Type 2 counterfactual?

Had the law been applied equally, the world would be more justThe world cannot be more justEqual application makes no difference

5How does the extract close (وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ)?

Protection already exists everywhereAccountability is unnecessaryThere is no real protection without accountability

0/5

Model · rehearse · respond

Speaking: argue and conclude

Use the model to notice the structure, then answer a randomly selected prompt without reading a full script.

Prompt bank

مَا المُشْكِلَةُ الَّتِي تَصِفُهَا بِفِعْلٍ مَبْنِيٍّ لِلْمَجْهُولِ؟
مَا الَّذِي يَرْفُضُهُ النَّاشِطُونَ بِـ«يَرْفُضُ أَنْ»؟
كَيْفَ تَخْتِمُ حُجَّتَكَ بِرَابِطٍ خِتَامِيٍّ؟

اِضْغَطْ لِاخْتِيَارِ سُؤَالٍ.

Model exchange

مَا المُشْكِلَةُ؟

Law passive

يُنْتَهَكُ القَانُونُ الدَّوْلِيُّ، وَتُلْزَمُ الدُّوَلُ بِالاِمْتِثَالِ نَظَرِيًّا فَقَطْ.

يُنْتَهَكُ / يُلْزَمُ بِـ

وَكَيْفَ تَخْتِمُ؟

Conclusion

وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ، مِنَ الضَّرُورِيِّ أَنْ يُصْلَحَ النِّظَامُ الدَّوْلِيُّ.

Conclusion + subjunctive

I answered the exact question. I used a complete Arabic sentence. I added a reason, detail or follow-up. I checked the target grammar.

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Plan · draft · improve

Guided writing workshop

Write a 110-120 word global-justice analysis. Open with reported speech and a law passive (يُنْتَهَكُ), use the past perfect for what the UN had adopted, add both conditional types and the refusal trigger يَرْفُضُ أَنْ, and close with وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ / وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ + a subjunctive.

Success checklist

A law passive (يُنْتَهَكُ / يُلْزَمُ بِـ) and reported speech.
The past perfect (كَانَتْ … قَدْ) and both conditional types.
The refusal trigger يَرْفُضُ أَنْ + subjunctive.
A formal conclusion connector (وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ / وَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِ) + subjunctive.

1 · content2 · target grammar3 · check and improve

Reveal an achievable model

يُؤَكِّدُ الخُبَرَاءُ القَانُونِيُّونَ أَنَّ القَانُونَ الدَّوْلِيَّ الإِنْسَانِيَّ يُنْتَهَكُ بِشَكْلٍ مَنْهَجِيٍّ فِي مَنَاطِقِ النِّزَاعِ، وَيُشَارُ إِلَى أَنَّ مَبْدَأَ المَسْؤُولِيَّةِ عَنِ الحِمَايَةِ لَمْ يُطَبَّقْ بِالتَّسَاوِي. يَكْمُنُ جَوْهَرُ الأَزْمَةِ فِي ازْدِوَاجِيَّةِ المَعَايِيرِ الَّتِي تُمَارِسُهَا الدُّوَلُ الكُبْرَى. كَانَتِ الأُمَمُ المُتَّحِدَةُ قَدْ أَقَرَّتْ هٰذِهِ المَبَادِئَ لِكَيْ يُحْمَى المَدَنِيُّونَ، غَيْرَ أَنَّ التَّطْبِيقَ يَظَلُّ رَهِينًا بِالمَصَالِحِ السِّيَاسِيَّةِ. وَيَرْفُضُ كَثِيرٌ مِنَ النَّاشِطِينَ أَنْ تَسْتَمِرَّ هٰذِهِ الاِزْدِوَاجِيَّةُ. إِذَا الْتَزَمَتِ الدُّوَلُ بِالمِيثَاقِ بِالتَّسَاوِي، سَيُحْدِثُ ذٰلِكَ تَحَوُّلًا جَذْرِيًّا. وَلَوْ طُبِّقَ القَانُونُ بِلَا ازْدِوَاجِيَّةٍ، لَكَانَتِ المَجَازِرُ أَقَلَّ حِدَّةً. وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ، مِنَ الضَّرُورِيِّ أَنْ يُصْلَحَ النِّظَامُ الدَّوْلِيُّ لِكَيْ تَنْعَمَ الشُّعُوبُ بِحِمَايَةٍ مُتَسَاوِيَةٍ.

Write in Arabic

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Retrieve · judge · transfer

Complete the lesson checkpoint

The final check mixes vocabulary, grammar and communication rather than repeating one exercise type.

Core

Write one conclusion with وَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ and one refusal with يَرْفُضُ أَنْ.

Develop

Add a law passive and a Type 2 counterfactual; reach 110 words.

Stretch

Reach 120 words with both conditionals, the past perfect and two conclusion connectors.

1Which connector opens a synthesising conclusion?

لِأَنَّوَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَإِذَا

2Which trigger expresses refusal?

لِكَيْيَرْفُضُ أَنْصَحِيحٌ أَنَّ

3Which is the passive “is violated”?

يَنْتَهِكُانْتَهَكَيُنْتَهَكُ

4Which preposition does يُلْزَمُ take?

إِلَىعَلَىبِـ

5Which connector opens a synthesising conclusion?

إِذَالِأَنَّوَبِنَاءً عَلَى مَا سَبَقَ

6Which also means “in summary”?

مِنْ نَاحِيَةٍ أُخْرَىوَخُلَاصَةُ القَوْلِعَلَاوَةً عَلَى ذٰلِكَ

0/6

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Exit ticket

Record one secure achievement and one precise next step.

Today I can…Next I will practise…

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International Life and Global Connectionsالحَيَاةُ الدُّوَلِيَّةُ وَالرَّوَابِطُ العَالَمِيَّةُ

Lesson focus

Grammar focus

Skills focus

Global headline classification

Global Connectionsرَوَابِطُ عَالَمِيَّةٌ

Objectives and visible success

Today you will

You can show success when…

Wake up previous learning

Vocabulary studio

Formal conclusion connectors

Global justice

Law verbs and register

Retrieve in both directions

Formal conclusions, refusal and international-law passives

Conclusion connectors

Refusal trigger

International-law passives

Counterfactual analysis

Choose the form for a reason

Sentence-building and transformation studio

Build a justice line from a law passive, a refusal and a formal conclusion.

Justice Mission — Conclude, Refuse, Hold to Account

Accuracy repair workshop

Preserve the intended meaning

Listening: a legal expert on double standards

Reading: a global-justice analysis (extract)

Speaking: argue and conclude

Prompt bank

Model exchange

Guided writing workshop

Success checklist

Complete the lesson checkpoint

Show what you can now do

Exit ticket